人类首次植入脑机接口芯片！黑客能通过它入侵我们的大脑？
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">2024</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">1</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">30 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">日，埃隆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">·</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">马斯克在社交平台</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> X</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">（原推特）上发表了一条消息，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">神经连接公司（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">Neuralink</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）成功进行了首例脑机接口人体植入手术，植入者的恢复状况良好。而且，植入的脑机接口设备运行良好，已经接收到了植入者脑部的神经信号。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">而首都医科大学宣武医院团队与清华大学医学院团队，也于近日共同对外宣布，脑机接口取得阶段性进展，<b>全球首例接受植入式硬膜外电极脑机接口辅助治疗的四肢截瘫患者，实现了自主脑控喝水。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">图片截自相关视频</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">这表明，脑机接口已经取得了不小的进步，很多网友甚至开始担心会像《黑客帝国》《攻壳机动队》那样，有黑客借助脑机接口入侵别人大脑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">shi</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">犯罪的事情发生。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">分析</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">这种担心有道理吗？脑机接口究竟能派上什么用场呢？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">先说结论：<b>目前，我们还远远用不着担心黑客通过脑机接口入侵。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">下面咱们就来详细聊聊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">脑机接口是个新概念吗？</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">这次马斯克的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">神经连接公司</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">植入人体的设备，是下图中这款叫做</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> Telepathy </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">的设备（神经连接公司官网称之为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> N1 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">植入体）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">神经连接公司的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“N1</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">植入体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">，图片截取自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">Neuralink</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">官网</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">那么，这是一项史无前例的突破吗？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">虽然很多媒体使用了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">首例人体植入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">之类的词汇报道此事。但需要注意的是，<b>这只是神经连接公司的首次人体实验，而不是脑机接口的首次实验。</b>脑机接口这个概念则可以追溯到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">1973</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年，加州大学洛杉矶分校的雅克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">·</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">维达尔（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">Jacques Vidal</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）首次提出了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">脑机接口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">brain-computer interface</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">，简称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">BCI</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 20 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 70 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年代，就有团队尝试了脑机接口设备的人体植入实验并成功了。而更早的时候，虽然没有脑机接口的概念，很多人却已经做了该领域的研究（见下图）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">脑机接口研究历史，图片来源：参考文献</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">所以说，马斯克本次手术成功，准确地说是在前人基础上又迈出了重要的一步。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">近期的两个成功案例，都做了植入，那么机接口非得往脑袋里安个零件吗？<b>像很多科幻片里那样戴个头盔就能接入不是更方便吗？</b>这就要讲讲脑机接口的两种类型了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">——</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">非侵入式脑机接口和侵入式脑机接口，下面就分别说说。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">非侵入式脑机接口</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">非侵入式脑机接口听着高大上，但很多朋友说不定用过，因为在医院里我们可能会接触到脑电图检查，<b>脑电图（</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">EEG</span></b><b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）就是很多非侵入式脑机接口的基础。</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">医生们可以用脑电图来判断大脑的功能，检测疾病。而通过训练，人们也可以通过调整自己的思绪，发出某些特定的脑电波，来实现特定功能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">比如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 1965 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年，实验音乐作曲家阿尔文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">·</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">卢西尔（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">Alvin Lucier</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）就<b>通过让人脑产生阿尔法波，来操纵打击乐器，制作乐曲。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">除了用来创作乐曲，非侵入式脑机接口还有更多实际用处。比如在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">20</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">90</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年代，神经生物学家尼尔斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">·</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">比尔鲍默（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">Niels Birbaumer</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）开始训练</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">10</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">名几乎瘫痪的癫痫患者通过脑电波来输入字符，虽然输入速度很慢，但对于几乎瘫痪的病人来说，这已经是非常了不起的了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 2021 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年，研究者们还通过基于脑电图的非侵入式脑机接口，收集中风患者脑部的电信号，对电信号进行分析之后，让机器人辅助患者进行手部运动，促进手部运动功能恢复。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">除了检测脑电波，非侵入式脑机接口也可以通过其他手段来判断大脑的动态，一家叫做</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> Kernel </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">的公司，就通过一个像头盔一样的红外设备检测头部的血液中某些成分的变化，从而间接推断大脑的神经活动。这个设备可以识别出一个人正在听什么歌曲，还能够帮助医生进行一些跟大脑有关的疾病筛查。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">非侵入式脑机接口设备的特点是，可以直接从外部检测大脑信号，不需要进行手术，实验比较方便，且风险比较低。但<b>因为头骨、皮肤的干扰，非侵入式的脑机接口的分辨率会受到影响。</b>如果能够直接从大脑皮层接收信号，能够获得更准确的神经信号，这需要另一种脑机接口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">——</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">侵入式脑机接口。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">侵入式脑机接口</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">侵入式脑机接口需要进行手术，将电极植入到大脑皮层或者灰质中，从而获取更准确的信号，这次的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">N1</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">植入体就属于这一类。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 1978 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年，侵入式脑机接口就已经进行了人体实验。当时，科学家威廉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">·</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">多贝尔（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">William Dobelle</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）希望通过侵入式脑机接口设备帮助非先天性失明患者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">重建视觉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">多贝尔在一位非先天性失明的患者视觉皮层内植入了电极设备。这个电极设备与患者眼镜上的摄像头相连接，摄像头在采集到周围环境的光信号之后，把信号发射到电极，电极刺激受试者大脑中的视觉皮层，让失明的人重新</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">看到光</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">。这也是最早的侵入式脑机接口人体实验。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">除了能够解决视觉问题，侵入式脑机接口在移动光标和控制假肢方面也有很多应用。</span></b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">比如，在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 1998 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年，一位患</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">锁定综合征</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">（几乎完全瘫痪，不能移动四肢）的患者植入了脑机接口设备，通过这个设备，患者能够用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">意念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">操纵电脑光标。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 2024 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> 1 </span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">月神经连接公司的侵入式脑机接口设备，能够学习使用者的脑电波和意图之间的关系。按照马斯克的说法，这个设备能够帮助使用者操控手机电脑，以及手机电脑连接着的任何设备。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">当然了，侵入式脑机接口也并非没有缺点。最显而易见的就是手术风险了，而且手术后，伤口处可能会产生瘢痕组织，影响电极接收到的信号。另外，人体可能会对植入物产生排异反应，这可能会对植入者的身体产生负面影响，还可能造成感染。所以，<b>侵入式脑机接口和非侵入式脑机接口并没有绝对的谁好谁坏，要综合判断效果和风险。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">人的念头纷繁芜杂，想弄明白主人到底想干啥，对脑机接口来说，确实是个艰巨的任务，无论是侵入式还是非侵入式脑机接口，都需要收集大脑发出的信号，将这些信号转换成特定的意图，这个过程需要对大量的信号数据进行分析处理，而这正是人工智能技术特别是深度学习技术所擅长的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">随着深度学习技术的发展，人工智能填补了混乱的脑电图数据的空白，大大降低了解码记录中的错误率。因此，随着深度学习技术的发展，脑机接口技术也突飞猛进。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">脑机接口将成为黑客的后门？</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">《黑客帝国》《攻壳机动队》这样的科幻作品里，黑客高手轻易就能通过脑机接口获取别人的信息，甚至操纵被入侵者，很多人反对脑机接口也是出于这个原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">这不，马斯克关于脑机接口的消息一出，评论区立即出现了对于脑机接口安全性的担忧，比如点赞最高的是下图中这样一条消息：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">当你的脑机接口芯片被黑客入侵时（你的状态）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<img width="554" height="493" src="http://cobjon.com/w/php/upload/202403/01/097d0041.jpg" alt="" style="vertical-align:middle;" /><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:9.0pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">图片来源：消息截图（注：图片是网络上流行的一首著名洗脑神曲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">mv</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">截图）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">除了安全性，脑机接口也可能会带来一些伦理问题，比如脑机接口领域有一个研究方向是情绪识别和情绪调控。比如脑机接口设备能够识别出一个人不愿意表露出的真实的情绪，同时可以通过电流刺激特定的脑区，从而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">调节情绪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">。如果我们不想被人知道自己的想法，不想在悲伤的时候被强行变得开心，这样的脑机接口设备会不会存在伦理问题？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">好消息是，<b>目前来看，还远远不用担心这些问题，因为目前的脑机接口技术还远做不到科幻电影中的程度，而且脑机接口技术目前并不面向普通人，</b>大部分脑机接口仅仅是用来帮助有障碍人士更好地生活。那未来呢？随着脑机接口技术的进一步发展，它大概终究会有进入普通人生活的一天。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">但我们可以借鉴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">2009</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年《自然》（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">Nature</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）论文中提到的一句话：</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span></b><b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">脑机接口确实带来了一些伦理问题，但是这些问题从来就不是新鲜的挑战。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span></b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">在医学、科学领域，已经有太多类似的案例，在一项技术真正步入大众市场前后，与之相关的规范约束也会日渐完善，<b>我们只需密切关注，不必提前恐慌。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<b><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">结论</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">我们可以借鉴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">2009</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">年《自然》（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">Nature</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">）论文中提到的一句话：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">“</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">脑机接口确实带来了一些伦理问题，但是这些问题从来就不是新鲜的挑战。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">”</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">在医学、科学领域，已经有太多类似的案例，在一项技术真正步入大众市场前后，与之相关的规范约束也会日渐完善，我们只需密切关注，不必提前恐慌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">参考文献：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> https://neuralink.com/</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">https://www.reuters.com/science/elon-musks-neuralink-gets-us-fda-approval-human-clinical-study-brain-implants-2023-05-25/</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> Vidal J J. Toward direct brain-computer communication. Annual review of Biophysics and Bioengineering, 1973, 2(1): 157-180.</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> Chen, Q., Yuan, T., Zhang, L., Gong, J., Fu, L., Han, X., Ruan, M., & Yu, Z. (2023). Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi, 40(3), 566–572. https://doi.org/10.7507/1001-5515.202303038</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/200305/communicating-brain-waves</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> Straebel V, Thoben W. Alvin Lucier's music for solo performer: experimental music beyond sonification. Organised Sound, 2014, 19(1): 17-29.</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/elon-musks-pig-brain-implant-is-still-a-long-way-from-solving-paralysis/</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> https://www.wired.com/2002/09/vision/</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"> Clausen J. Man, machine and in between. Nature, 2009, 457(7233): 1080-1081.</span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">出品｜中国科协科普部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">监制｜中国科学技术出版社有限公司、北京中科星河文化传媒有限公司</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">策划｜丁崝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">责编｜刘严瞳（实习）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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<span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">本文为科普中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;">-</span><span style="color:#222222;font-family:宋体;font-size:13.5pt;">星空计划作品，转载请注明来源。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#222222;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13.5pt;"></span>
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